Dwelling Place Page 76

  22. CCJ to EM, 8 February 1837, JTU.

  23. CCJ to EM, 25 March 1837, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 22 May 1837, JTU. The son of the town’s mayor, Campbell Bryce, stabbed an Irishman during a brawl between college students and some workmen. Bryce was found not guilty. See also CCJ to MJ, 21 October 1837, JTU; CCJ to EM, 25 March 1837, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 21 October 1837, JTU.

  24. CCJ to MJ, 3 November 1838, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 22 May 1837; CCJ to MJ, 29 May 1837.

  25. CCJ to MJ, 12 June 1837, JTU; CCJ to EM, 25 April 1837, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 19 May 1837, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 15 June 1837, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 3 July 1837, JTU.

  26. Sara Ann Walthour Howe to MJ, 30 August 1837.

  27. CCJ to MJ, 26 October 1837, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 21 October 1837, JTU.

  28. CCJ to EM, 24 December 1837, JTU.

  29. MJ and CCJ to JosJ, 15 March 1838; CCJ to EM, 14 May 1838; CCJ to EM, 26 May 1838, JTU.

  30. EM to CCJ, 29 March 1838, JTU.

  31. Erskine Clarke, “The Strange Case of Charleston Union Presbytery,” Affirmation, Fall 1993, 41–58. CCJ to MJ, 8 November 1838, JTU.

  32. CCJ to EM, 18 October 1838, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 8 November 1838, JTU.

  15. CARLAWTER II

  1. Cf. CCJ to EM, 8 February 1837, JTU.

  2. “Accounts” in CPB, 28–32.

  3. Cf. CCJ to MJ, 25 May 1837, JTU.

  4. See CCJ to MJ, 5 November 1838, JTU. MJ, Journal, March 1865, JTU.

  5. For slave families and kinship networks, see Robert William Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York, 1989), 162–168; Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998),498–558, esp. 530–558; Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York, 1976).

  6. CPB, 64, JTU; CCJ to Cato, 28 January 1851, JTU; Cato to CCJ, 3 March 1851, JTU; Cato to CCJ, 3 September 1852, JTU.

  7. For Cassius as a basket maker, see CCJ to CCJj, 2 October 1856, CJUG. For the price he received for his stick baskets and for his accumulated possessions, see “Account of Property belonging to Cassius left to be given away and to be sold as he desired by his former Master,” attached to letter CCJj to CCJ, 20 March 1857, JTU. For techniques of basket making in the low country, see Margaret Davis Cate, Early Days of Coastal Georgia (St. Simons Island, Ga., 1955), 157. Dale Rosengarten, “Spirits of Our Ancestors: Basket Traditions in the Carolinas,” in The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah Language and Culture, ed. Michael Montgomery (Athens, Ga., 1994), 133–157, esp. 146–156; John Michael Vlach, The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts (Cleveland, 1978), 7–19; Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 232–233. For Cassius’s temper, see CCJ to Thomas Shepard, 24 March 1849, JTU.

  8. “Maybank Plantation in Account Current with C. C. Jones,” MPB.

  9. CCJ to MJ, 18 November 1836, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 15 June 1837, JTU; CPB, 24–26.

  10. Cf. MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU; CCJ to Thomas Shepard, 13 February 1852, JTU. For slave carpenters hiring themselves out, see Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 352.

  11. CPB, 64, JTU.

  12. See “Photograph File,” JTU.

  13. CPB, 12.

  14. CCJ to MJ, 16 November 1836, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 1 November 1838, JTU.

  15. “Accounts” in CPB, 28–32; “Maybank Plantation in Account Current with C. C. Jones,” MPB, 14–31; CCJ to Thomas Shepard, 24 October 1848, JTU.

  16. MJ to CCJ, 30 May 1851, JTU; CCJ to Thomas Shepard 8 April 1851, JTU; CCJ to Thomas Shepard, 24 October 1848, JTU.

  17. CPB, 9, 67.

  18. Cf. RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 55.

  19. “Minutes of the Session, Mid way Congregational Church,” 14 December 1833, PHSM; CPB, 67, JTU.

  20. MJ to CCJ, 15 June 1837, JTU; CPB, 64.

  21. CCJ to MJ, 16 May 1837, JTU.

  22. MJ to CCJ, 17 May 1837, JTU.

  23. CCJ to MJ, 23 May 1837, JTU.

  24. MJ to CCJ, 15 June 1837, JTU.

  25. MJ to JoJ, 20 April 1841, JJUG.

  26. CCJ to EM, 24 December 1837, JTU.

  27. For Cassius’s other children, see “Account of Property belonging to Cassius left to be given away and to be sold as he desired by his former Master,” attached to letter CCJj to CCJ, 20 March 1857, JTU; Phoebia and Cash to Mr Delions, 17 March 1857, JTU; CPB, 7; MPB, 46.

  28. MJ to CCJ, 17 May 1837, JTU.

  29. CCJ to MJ, 25 May 1837, JTU.

  30. See Margaret Washington Creel, “Gullah Attitudes Toward Life and Death,” in Africanisms in American Culture, ed. Joseph E. Holloway (Bloomington, Ind., 1990), 69–97.

  31. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” 21 February 1835, PHSM.

  32. MJ to CCJ, 3 December 1861, JTU; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 16 June 1837; HHJ to MJ, 9 May 1846, JTU; MJ to Laura Maxwell, 17 August 1848, JTU; MJ to EM, 30 August 1849, JTU.

  33. RQM, Montevideo-Maybank: Some Memoirs of a Southern Christian Household in the Olden Time; or, The Family Life of the Rev. Charles Colcock Jones, D.D., of Liberty County, Ga. (Richmond, 1898), 37.

  34. For the “Mammy” figure, see Deborah Gray White, Ar’n’t I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York, 1985), 27–51; Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, 1988), 291–292.

  35. For Betsy as Cato’s wife and as Jack’s daughter, and for Betsy’s age and work as a domestic, see C. B. Jones to CCJ, 9 April 1854, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 6 September 1854, CJUG; CCJ to MSJM, 23 December 1859, JTU; Inventory, Appraisement, and Division of Estate of Jos. Jones [esp. slaves numbered 37–48, for Jack and Marcia’s children and grandchildren], Will Record, 1824–1850, PCLC. For Cato’s age, see CPB, 64, JTU. For Marcia, see CPB, 17.

  36. CPB, 12; “List of Negroes belonging to Mrs. S. M. Cumming at White Oak Plantation, May 1, 1848,” MPB, 46.

  16.south hampton

  1. Betsy Maxwell to MJ, 29 March 1838, JTU; see Bill of Sale, Barrington King to Roswell King, Jr., 23 February 1838, SCLC, Real Estate Division, County Record Book K, 470–473.

  2. For the Cherokee removal, see Gary E. Moulton, John Ross, Cherokee Chief (Athens, Ga., 1978); Michael D. Green, ed., The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 1995).

  3. Clarence Martin, A History of the Roswell Presbyterian Church (Dallas, 1984), 17–21. JoJ to MJ, 19 July 1847, JTU; Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1680.

  4. See George White, Statistics of the State of Georgia: Including an Account of its Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical History; Together with a Particular Description of Each County, Notices of the Manners and Customs of Its Aboriginal Tribes, and a Correct Map of the State (Savannah, 1849), 87–93.

  5. See Bill of Sale, Barrington King to Roswell King, Jr., 470–473; Indenture between Barrington King and Roswell King, Jr., 26 February 1838, SCLC, Real Estate Division, County Record Book K, 474–475.

  6. For a description of the rice fields at South Hampton, for identifying boundaries, and for Jacob and Peter as carpenters, see Indenture between Barrington King and Roswell King, Jr., 473.

  7. For contemporary accounts of rice production on river swamps, see Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States in the Years 1853–1854, With Remarks on Their Economy (New York, 1856), 94–123; Eliza Clay to MJ and CCJ, 17 March 1856, JTU. For the development of river swamp cultivation utilizing the influence of the tide, see Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), 155–159; Joyce E. Chaplin, “Tidal Rice Cultivation and the Problem of Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia, 1760–1815,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 49 (1992): 29–61.

  8. See Bill of Sale, Barrington King to Roswell King, Jr., 470–473; Indenture between Barrington King and Roswell King, Jr., 474–475. These sales included thirty slaves (nine b
elonging to Catherine King) who were a part of the sale of the plantation for $17,200. An additional twelve slaves, owned by Catherine King, were purchased by Roswell King, Jr., for $4,800. For the relationship between profits drawn from slavery and the development of the Industrial Revolution, see Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery ([1944]; rpt. New York, 1966); Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (New York, 1997); David Brion Davis, In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven, 2001), 151–164.

  9. See, e.g., Malcolm Bell, Jr., Major Butler’s Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens, Ga., 1987), 250. Roswell King, Jr., “Letter to the Editor,” Southern Agriculturalist 1 (December 1828), 525–527.

  10. Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 245; William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York, 1996), 253.

  11. The story of the mulatto children of Roswell King, Jr., is a complicated and disputed history. See Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 280–281, 550; Dusinberre, Them Dark Days, 248–250, 507 n. 1. For the construction of “whiteness,” see Theodore W. Allen, The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. (New York, 1994).

  12. EM to Laura Maxwell, 5 September 1845, JTU.

  13. Roswell King to CCJ, 8 October 1851, JTU.

  14. EM to MJ, 25 May 1853, JTU.

  15. See RQM, Montevideo-Maybank: Some Memoirs of a Southern Christian Household in the Olden Time; or, The Family Life of the Rev. Charles Colcock Jones, D.D., of Liberty County, Ga. (Richmond, 1898), 43–44.

  16. For Julia King’s character, see, e.g., Julia King to MJ, 20 August 1846, 27 June 1851, 27 July 1858, 29 July 1858, JTU. RQM, Montevideo-Maybank, 44.

  17. Will of Audley Maxwell, 27 March 1834, Will Record 1824–1850, PCLC.

  18. Ibid. In 1854, when Roswell King had 179 slaves, Julia had an additional 52 in her own name. See Bell, Major Butler’s Legacy, 532.

  19. Will of Roswell King, Jr., 9 May 1840, Will Record 1850–1863, PCLC. For Paris’s character, see MJ, Journal, 16 March 1863, JTU. For other prominent slaves at South Hampton, see Julia King to MJ, 29 July 1858, JTU.

  20. Myers, Children of Pride, 1499.

  21. Cf., e.g., Susan Jones Maxwell to Joseph Jones, 30 January 1833, JTU; SJMC to CCJ, 6 November 1847, JTU; CCJ to SJMC, 31 May 1848, JTU; CCJ to SJMC, 13 December 1852, JTU. For the varied responsibilities of slaveholding women and for the gender conventions association with them, see Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel Hill, 1988), 116–145, 192–197.

  22. Cf., e.g., SJMC to MJ, 19 March 1862, 10 December 1864, 15 April 1865, JTU; MJ to SJMC, 9 December 1864, 12 December 1864, JTU.

  23. CCJ to WM, 5 May 1849, JTU. Cf. CCJ to Laura Maxwell and Charles Edward Maxwell, 26 May 1838, JTU.

  24. Myers, Children of Pride, 1499.

  25. CPB, 3–4, 7–9; MPB, 50, 38–39.

  26. Cf., for CCJ’s relationship to Cato and for Cato’s character, CCJ to MJ, 3 September 1842, JTU; CCJ to TS, 24 October 1848, 1 February 1849, JTU; CCJ to Cato, 28 January 1851, JTU; Cato to CCJ, 3 March 1851 and 3 September 1852, JTU; S. S. Barnard to CCJ, 19 December 1857, JTU. For a “slave in the middle,” between master and those who lived in the settlements, see James C. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), 106–107. For the “cotton planter,” see RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 40–41.

  17. MIDWAY

  1. CCJ to MJ, 26 October 1838, JTU.

  2. CCJ to MJ, 22 January 1830, 19 April 1830, 17 August 1830, JTU. See also CCJ to MJ, 20 February 1830, 14 June 1830, 7 July 1830, 6 August 1830, JTU. CCJ’s views on marriage reflect a Puritan—or more broadly a Calvinist—perspective that was widespread in the low country. See John Demos, Past, Present, and Personal: The Family and the Life Course in American History (New York, 1986); Erskine Clarke, Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690–1990 (Tuscaloosa, 1996).

  3. MJ to CCJ, 2 September 1830, 8 April 1830, 30 May 1828, JTU; CCJ to MJ, 6 March 1830, JTU.

  4. Obituary for MJ written by John Jones, JJUG. Cf. Catherine Clinton’s position in Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South (New York, 1982), 16–35; Jean E. Friedman, The Enclosed Garden: Women and Community in the Evangelical South, 1830–1900 (Chapel Hill, 1985), 3–53.

  5. For household codes, see Wayne A. Meeks, The Origins of Christian Morality (New Haven, 1993), esp. chapter 3; David Balch, Let Wives Be Submissive: The Domestic Code in 1 Peter, SBL Monograph Series 26 (Chico, Calif., 1981). See Ephesians 5:22 and 6:5.

  6. MJ to CCJ, 8 January 1830, 5 January 1852, JTU.

  7. CCJ to MJ, 21 December 1840, 12 June 1837; 3 November 1837, JTU; MJ to CCJ, 5 January 1852, JTU.

  8. “Rev. C. C. Jones’ Report,” CO, 18 April 1840.

  9. Ibid.

  10. CCJ to EM, 16 May 1839, JTU.

  11. CCJ to EM, 10 July 1839, JTU.

  12. CCJ to EM, 3 August 1839, JTU.

  13. “Rev. C. C. Jones’ Report,” CO, 18 April 1840.

  14. Ibid.

  15. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” passim, PHSM; Minutes of the Sunbury Baptist Association, Convened at the Newington Church, Screven County, Georgia, Nov. 1829 (Savannah, 1829); Minutes of the Sunbury Baptist Association, Convened at Walthourville, Liberty County, Georgia on Friday and Saturday, November the 11th and 12th, 1836 (Savannah, 1836).

  16. “Minutes of the Watchman’s Meeting for Midway Church,” 8 March 1840, JTU.

  17. CCJ, Tenth Annual Report of the Association for the Religious Instruction of the Negroes, in Liberty County, Georgia (Savannah, 1845), 24–25.

  18. “Minutes of the Watchman’s Meeting for Midway Church,” 3 May 1840, 7 February 1841, JTU.

  19. For the developing patterns of family life in the settlements of the low country, see Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998), esp. 3–4, 498–558; Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York, 1976); Margaret Washington Creel, “A Peculiar People”: Slave Religion and Community-Culture Among the Gullahs (New York, 1988), esp. 244–249, 265–270; David Brion Davis, In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery (New Haven, 2001), 278–289.

  20. Janet Duitsman Cornelius, Slave Missions and the Black Church in the Antebellum South (Columbia, S.C., 1999), 36–45. See also Janet Cornelius, “Slave Marriage in a Georgia Congregation,” in Class, Conflict, and Consensus: Antebellum Southern Communities, ed. Orville Vernon Burton and Robert C. McMath (Westport, Conn., 1982), 128–145. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” 11 April 1841; 1827–1864, passim, e.g., 29 February 1830 [sic], 14 November 1846, PHSM.

  21. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” 17 February 1843, 26 August 1843, 15 February 1844, 15 May 1852, PHSM. CCJ to Sandy Maybank, 15 August 1853, JTU.

  22. CCJ to EM, 10 July 1839, JTU. “Minutes of the Watchman’s Meeting for Midway Church,” 3 May 1840, JTU. “Minutes of the Session, Midway Congregational Church,” 16 May 1840, 5 December 1840, 27 February 1841, PHSM. Charles Edward Maxwell to MJ, 5 September 1851, JTU; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 19 August 1851, JTU.

  23. CCJ, Seventh Annual Report of the Association for the Religious Instruction of the Negroes, in Liberty County, Georgia (Savannah, 1842), 4–5.

  24. CCJ, “The Marriage State: The Nature and Honor of It, Hebrews 13:4,” JTU.

  25. CCJ, “Duties of Husbands, Ephesians 5:22, 33,” JTU.

  26. Ibid.

  28. CCJ, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Association for the Religious Instruction of the Negroes, in Liberty County, Georgia (Savannah, 1848), 15–16.

  28. Ibid., 16–17; CCJ to MJ, 22 July 1829, JTU.

  18. MAYBANK

  1. CCJ to MJ, 16 November 1841, JTU; CCJj to SJ MC, 21 April 1842, JTU; Robert Man-son Myers,
ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven, 1972), 1508–1509.

  2. For the landscape, the travel time between Montevideo and Maybank, and the use of oxcarts, see CCJ to MSJM, 15 June 1858, JTU; CCJ to CCJj, 9 August 1859, CJUG; RQM, Plantation Life Before Emancipation (Richmond, 1892), 15–19.

  3. RQM, Montevideo-Maybank: Some Memoirs of a Southern Christian Household in the Olden Time; or, The Family Life of the Rev. Charles Colcock Jones, D.D., of Liberty County, Ga. (Richmond, 1898), 10–11; MPB, 22–27; CCJ, Journal, 5 September 1862, JTU.

  4. CCJ to MJ, 21 June 1851, JTU; EM to MJ, 29 July 1853; RQM, Montevideo-Maybank, 11–12; CCJj to Mary Ruth Jones, 11 May 1888, JDU; John M. B. Harden, M.D. “Observations on the Soil, Climate and Diseases of Liberty County, Georgia,” Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, new ser., 1, no. 10 (October 1845): 553.

  5. CCJj to JJ, 10 September 1841, JTU; Audley Maxwell King to CCJj, 6 May 1850, JTU.

  6. CCJj to Mary Ruth Jones, 11 May 1888, JDU; James William Berry, “Growing Up in the Old South: The Childhood of Charles Colcock Jones, Jr.” (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1981), 317–342; Daniel J. Pfeifer, “Charles C. Jones, Jr.: Resilient Southerner” (M.A. thesis, Georgia Southern University, 1997), 11–21.

  7. Cf. MJ to MSJM, 22 April 1867, JTU.

  8. See Joseph LeConte, The Autobiography of Joseph LeConte (New York, 1903), 8–18, 21–36.

  9. Cf. ibid. and CCJj to Mary Ruth Jones, 11 May 1888, JDU.

  10. CCJj to Mary Ruth Jones, 11 May 1888, JDU.

  11. Ibid.; see also Audley Maxwell King to CCJj, 6 May 1850, JTU.

  12. RQM, Montevideo-Maybank, 14; CCJ to CCJj and JJ, 12 September 1850, JTU.

  13. Harden, “Observations,” 547; CCJj, Antiquities of the Southern Indians, Particularly of the Georgia Tribes (1873; rpt. Tuscaloosa, 1999), 454–456, 157. See also RQM, Monte-video-Maybank, 82.

  14. Laura Maxwell to MJ, 25 December 1828, JTU.